Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a part of the brain located superior and anterior to the brain stem and inferior to the thalamus. It serves many different functions in the nerveous system, and is also responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains special cells called neurosecretory cells (neurons that secretes hormones-red), that's some hormones that released by these cells:
1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Growth hormone-releasing hormong (GHRH)
3. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
5. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
6. Oxytocin
7. Antideuretic hormone (ADH)
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary galnd also known as the hypophisis, is a small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to he inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain. Many blood vessels surround the pituitary gland to carry the hormones it releases through out the body. Situated in a small depression in the sphenoid bone called tha sella turcica, the pituitary glands is actually made of 2 completely separate structure: the posterior and anterior pituitary gland.
Posterior Pituitary
This gland is actually not glandular tissue at all, but nerveous tissue instead. In posterior gland also has neurosecretory cell, these cells create 2 hormones in the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary:
1. Oxytocin: triggers uterine contraction during childbirth and release of milk
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): prevents water loss in body by increasing re-take up water
Anterior Pituitary
The anterior glands is the true glandular part of the pituitary gland, the function of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus. The anterior produces 6 important hormones:
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH), responsible for stimulation of the thyroid glands
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH), stimulated adrenal cortex to produce its hormone
3. Follicle Stimulating Hormones(FSH), stimulate follicle cell to produce gametes
4. Luteinizing Hormones (LH), stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones
5. Human Growth Hormones (HGH), affect many target cell to stimulate their growth
6. Prolactin (PRL), stimulated the mmary glands of the breast to produce milk.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of trachea. The thyroid gland produces 3 major hormones: calcitonin, triodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). The parathyroid glands are 4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid gland produces the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in calcium ion homeostasis. PTH is stimulates the osteoclast to breakdown the calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ion into the blood stream.
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are a pair of roughly triangular glands found immediately superior to the kidney. The adrenal glands are each made of 2 distinct layers, each with their own unique function:
Adrenal Cortex
Produces many cortical hormones in 3 classes:
1. Glucocortocoids have a diverse function, breakdown protein and lipids to produce glucose.
2. Mineralocorticoids, help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
3. Androgens, to regulate the growth and activity of cells that receptive to male hormones
Adrenal Medula
Produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nerveous system. Both of hormones helps to increase the flow of the blood to the brain and muscles to improve the "fight-or-flight" response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, and also blood pressure.
Pancreas Gland
The pancreas is alrge gland located in the abdominal cavity just inferior and posteror to the stomach. The pancreas is considered to be a heterocrine gland as it contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues. The endocrine cell of the pancreas make up just 1% of the total mass of the pancreas and found in small groups throughout the pancreas called islets of langerrhans. Within these islet are 2 types of cell, alpha and beta cells. The alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which responsible for raising blood glucose level. The beta cells produce the insuline hormone, which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal.
Thymus
The thymus is a soft, triangular-shaped organ found in the chest posterior to the sternum. The thymus produced hormones called thymosins that help to train and develop T-lympocytes during fetal development and childhood. T-lympocytes to protect the body pathogens throughout a person's entire life.
Gonads
The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. In males, they are located in the scrotum. Male gonad or testes, secrete hormones called androgens, the most important of which testosterone. These hormones regulate body changes associated with sexual deveopmnet, including enlargement the penis, the growth spurt that occur during puberty, and the appearance of the other male secondary sex characteristic.
The female gonads, the ovaries are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormone estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of female sexual features such as breast growth, the accumulation of body fat around hips and thighs, and the growth spurt that ossurs during puberty. Both of these hormones also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Source: innerbody.com
Posterior Pituitary
This gland is actually not glandular tissue at all, but nerveous tissue instead. In posterior gland also has neurosecretory cell, these cells create 2 hormones in the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary:
1. Oxytocin: triggers uterine contraction during childbirth and release of milk
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): prevents water loss in body by increasing re-take up water
Anterior Pituitary
The anterior glands is the true glandular part of the pituitary gland, the function of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus. The anterior produces 6 important hormones:
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH), responsible for stimulation of the thyroid glands
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH), stimulated adrenal cortex to produce its hormone
3. Follicle Stimulating Hormones(FSH), stimulate follicle cell to produce gametes
4. Luteinizing Hormones (LH), stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones
5. Human Growth Hormones (HGH), affect many target cell to stimulate their growth
6. Prolactin (PRL), stimulated the mmary glands of the breast to produce milk.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of trachea. The thyroid gland produces 3 major hormones: calcitonin, triodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4). The parathyroid glands are 4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid gland produces the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in calcium ion homeostasis. PTH is stimulates the osteoclast to breakdown the calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ion into the blood stream.
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are a pair of roughly triangular glands found immediately superior to the kidney. The adrenal glands are each made of 2 distinct layers, each with their own unique function:Adrenal Cortex
Produces many cortical hormones in 3 classes:
1. Glucocortocoids have a diverse function, breakdown protein and lipids to produce glucose.
2. Mineralocorticoids, help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
3. Androgens, to regulate the growth and activity of cells that receptive to male hormones
Adrenal Medula
Produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nerveous system. Both of hormones helps to increase the flow of the blood to the brain and muscles to improve the "fight-or-flight" response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, and also blood pressure.
Pancreas Gland
The pancreas is alrge gland located in the abdominal cavity just inferior and posteror to the stomach. The pancreas is considered to be a heterocrine gland as it contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues. The endocrine cell of the pancreas make up just 1% of the total mass of the pancreas and found in small groups throughout the pancreas called islets of langerrhans. Within these islet are 2 types of cell, alpha and beta cells. The alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which responsible for raising blood glucose level. The beta cells produce the insuline hormone, which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal. Thymus
Gonads
The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. In males, they are located in the scrotum. Male gonad or testes, secrete hormones called androgens, the most important of which testosterone. These hormones regulate body changes associated with sexual deveopmnet, including enlargement the penis, the growth spurt that occur during puberty, and the appearance of the other male secondary sex characteristic.The female gonads, the ovaries are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormone estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of female sexual features such as breast growth, the accumulation of body fat around hips and thighs, and the growth spurt that ossurs during puberty. Both of these hormones also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Source: innerbody.com
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The thymus is a soft, triangular-shaped organ found in the chest posterior to the sternum. The thymus produced hormones called thymosins that help to train and develop T-lympocytes during fetal development and childhood.https://techealthinfo.com/japan-health-care-system-pros-and-cons/
T-lympocytes to protect the body pathogens throughout a person's entire life.
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